Polish sources claim that mass rapes were committed in Polish cities that had been taken by the Red Army. It is reported that in Kraków, the Soviet occupation was accompanied by the mass rape of Polish women and girls, as well as the plunder of all private property by Soviet soldiers. Reportedly the scale of the attacks prompted communists installed by the Soviets to prepare a letter of protest to Joseph Stalin, while masses in churches were held in expectation of a Soviet withdrawal.[165]

At the end of World War II, Red Army soldiers are estimated to have raped around 2,000,000 German women and girls.Norman Naimark writes in "The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949." that although the exact number of women and girls who were raped by members of the Red Army in the months preceding the capitulation and in the years following it will never be known, their numbers are likely to be in the hundreds of thousands, quite possibly as high as the 2,000,000 victims estimated by Barbara Johr, in "Befreier und Befreite". Many of these victims were raped repeatedly.