Returning to your question, some people misunderstood this doctrine and took it to mean one had to be a card carrying Catholic in order to have a chance of being saved. Well, the Church has never taught that and will never teach that any particular person will go to Hell.

Hell was made for satan and his demons, not for people. Some people will go there, but we don't know whom. At best, we can think or speculate that Judas Iscariot who betrayed Christ went to Hell. There are some texts in the book of Acts that seem to imply that he was condemned, but the Church has never officially said this.

The Catholic Church is the same Church: pre-Vatican II or post-Vatican II. Vatican II didn't change anything we believe. It couldn't if it wanted to. The doctrines of the Church may develop, but in the process, they never negate anything that was previously believed. Again, it's important to distinguish between actual doctrines and theological opinions some may have held.