>>1029058Rigid MTB with slicks if you want wide tires. You probably won't be able to fit a tire wider than 25mm (maybe 28mm) on most older road bikes.
>>1029059Pump peg for mounting a frame pump. They were super common on roadbikes prior to the (?)90s before going out of fashion (they're making a comeback with the hipsters, though).
>>1029071Depends on how much too small. I've gone that route before, and I also needed a high-rise stem to get the handlebars high enough. Looked a little dorky, but it worked OK. Honestly I'd recommend that you keep looking for something in your size, unless it's a spectacular deal.