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Do you not know how to google: Geological map of Spain? Simply buy a book for basic rock id. Most have a pretty good overview for general Geology/Mineralogy too.
Most rocks you posted look like either Quarzite or Calcite. The decoloration is mostly just oxidized components of the rocks or discoloration through erosion. This is why you need to break the rocks to get a proper id because their outer colour can be very misleading.
To differentiate between Schist/Gneis or Granite your "vertical" or "rounded" like you said puts it on a very basic level. So granite is a plutonite means its origin lies in a magmatic intrusion of some sorts (its formed underground). While it crystallizes its grains(different minerals for example Feldspar, Quarz and Mica) all grow more or less evenly spread out and there isnt really any movement while doing so thus leading to a grainy rock with nicely formed mineral crystals (small size from micro to macro scale).
Slate like the other anon mentioned is a metamorphic rock and is formed by taking pretty much any kind of rock on the upper crustal layer and putting it under pressure and temperature by subduction or just putting many layers of sediments above it. Point is with rising temperature (starting around 200°C) and pressure (ca. 10km depth) you get alteration of the rocks because some of its minerals arent stable anymore and start turning into different minerals or decompose. Another big factor is the influence of water but that would take to much time to explain and can be done by your own reasearch. However, the rocks formed by those process are called metamorphic rocks and since their hasnt to be any movement involved, since they never really melt, internal structures like layers formed by sedimentation process can more or less survive (depending on grade of the metamorphosis) and later after exhumation be spotted in the field.
Hope that maybe clears one or two things if not atleast it might get you googling. (Igme for spanish maps)
