>>2240585Over-fishing can result in the over-exploitation of marine ecosystem services.Fishing can cause several negative physiological and psychological effects for fish populations including: increased stress levels and bodily injuries resulting from lodged fish hooks.Often, when this threshold is crossed, hysteresis may occur within the environment.More specifically, some ecological disturbances observed within the Black Sea marine ecosystem resulted from a combination of over-fishing and various other related human activities which adversely affected the marine environment and ecosystem.Ecological disruption can also occur due to the over-fishing of critical fish species such as the tilefish and grouper fish who can be referred to as ecosystem-engineers.
Fishing may disrupt food webs by targeting specific, in-demand species. There might be too much fishing of prey species such as sardines and anchovies, thus reducing the food supply for the predators. Disrupting these types of wasp-waist species may have effects throughout the
ecosystem.It may also cause the increase of prey species when the target fishes are predator species, such as salmon and tuna.
Overfishing and pollution of the oceans also affect their carbon storage ability and thus contribute to the climate crisis.
