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I've thought about this quite a bit actually, as a low volume kit that could see you through a long hike safely and comfortably would be a dream for many anons, myself included
Aragorn in the movies appears to have
- a fuckoff huge knife and sword
- leather and woollen close fitting clothes
- a horseshoe blanket roll
- a super thin magical elven cloak that keeps him warm and dry (defies physics)
- fire kit, repairs and rations
- lots of food, wood and supply caches that he and other rangers store across middle earth
- ability and legal / moral right to build fires wherever
- access to inns, ranger's shelters, cool ruins and elven settlements
- resupply from orcs, raiders and goblins he kills
- no need to enter genuinely harsh weather like mountains or far north - I believe he chills not too far from the shire for most of his life before the ring quest, and from that point he's always making fires with the gang and their supply ponies, hanging in inns with the odd night in hiding, or sprinting around waging war, not chilling on a stalk for hours.
The magic enchanted cloak is the crux really, since it defies physics and the properties of known materials (being breathable, lightweight and thin, while also as warm as a sleeping bag, as waterproof and windblocking as a poncho). He also has access to magical herbs, super compact lembas, an abundant and open hunting range (of which he is a lifetime hunter), a network of shelters used by rangers, and the ability to make fuckoff massive fires with abandon