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ttl = through the lens, your flash will do a small flash, measure with the camera and then send out the right amount of light, get one of these if you can, every make has different flash support
if you have a manual lens, like in the photo set your camera to M and fuck around and find out
shutter speed will not make the flash brighter / darker, it will only let in more ambient light (you most likely can only go up to 1/250 for sync speeds),
aperture lets in more / less light, so you can use this to adjust the amount of flash
once you fuck around a little, you can aim the flash and bounce it off things like walls etc, if you have a sync cable / remote you can fuck around with off camera flash
get some eneloop / ikea recharable batteries, they flashes love em and its free to charge
