>>4459432ND - neutral density, lets less light through so you can use a wider aperture/lower shutter speed on a bright day
CPL - circular polarizer, spin it around to change the polarization of light usually to darken the sky, but also to remove/change highlights or reflections
UV - ultraviolet, unnecessary on any lens made since the late 70s due to improvements in lens coating but boomers love 'em
mist - makes your images softer, gives that 80s glamour model look
color filters - used for b&w to change up the tonality. usually come in red, orange, and yellow but other colors can be used too.
close up focusing - put them on your normal lens to covert them into a semi-macro lens at the cost of a bit more softness and loss of infinity focusing (picrel, used a stack of 3 close up focusing rings on my regular 50mm lens)
those are all the ones I know anyway
