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Alola is made up of 4 islands, Melemele, Poni, Ula'Ula, and Akala.
Post game has 4 "Island Districts" that aren't viewable on the map. Ekahi Island, Elua Island, Ekolu Island, and Kalola Island.
Kalos is not available post-game, but Hoomaka Cave on Kalola Island holds a huge easter egg I believe. Deep inside there is a dark entrance guarded by a backpacker that states the railroad is closed for now and only a Pokémon that emits a special light can ignite the way to the other side. No Pokémon in your party will allow you to enter for now.
Rockruff has 3 evolutions similar to Eevee in RBY. All of them require learning "Howl".
Salandit has a split evolution line at level 36, one for Male and one for Female.
There are 16 Z-Stones, 18 total, with a Trial Captain for 16 of the types. Guzma and Plumeria are holders of the missing Dark and Poison Z-Stones.