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They have cheap workforce: Pokémon, which work because they are loyal and dont ask for salary.
They also have unlimited magic money with objects like Amulet Coin magically multiplying money, same with O-Powers, pay day, etc. This causes huge deflation but poverty does not exist or is minimal. They have a lot of self-substainability.
Their world is full of natural resources as we have seen in the games. Forests everywhere, coal mines, beaches, etc
All regions so far are what would be considered developed nations in our world. Their population has enough purchasing power to maintain a lifestyle based on services, with many cruise travels, cafés, museums, contests, musicals, sports,... even Pokémon Battling is a source of entertainment and the player is part of it.
Since Pokémon Centers were free in the Japanese regions, you could say there is healthcare at least for trainers (they increase economic activity by battling so maybe it is encouraged by making it cheap). In Unova and Kalos PokéCenters are financed by shops in them.
There are so many resources and good morals that they can afford being socialists, but no government has ever been mentioned yet.
As Masuda stated in an interview, the Elite 4 did not attend the World Tournament of BW2 because they stayed to protect their regions. We must conclude then that Pokémon Leagues take the role of defense forces for their regions. Wars, crime and terrorism are certainly something that could happen at any time. So the Pokémon League has some political influence, but the true leaders of regions haven't been mentioned yet. Champions can't be, because they have their own activities like discovering ancient ruins, owning companies, fapping to dragons or making movies.
There are, however, multinational companies like Silph Co, multinational organizations like the detetive agency where Looker works for and transnational cientific research.