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>Poison Type
The poison type includes any and all pokémon that are able to secrete and produce a type of poison. Interestingly enough, all pokémon are able to learn toxic, meaning that all of them can produce poison for some reason. Poison types, though, revolve their nature and lifestyles on their poisonous abilities and it is their primary way of combat.
>effective against grass
Poison kills plants. Simple enough. As a fact, human toxic waste is responsible for pollution and deforestation, as we all know so well.
>super effective against fairy
While I believe that was made so to balance the poison type's offensive capabilities in gen VI, it could also be said that poison is the only way to strike down mystical and magical beings like fairies. Kill pixies and gnomes by poisoning the grass. Many mystical creatures in fairy tales have been killed by different kinds of poison.
>ineffective against rock, ghost and steel
You can't poison a mineral, neither an ethereal being that you can't even touch.
>resistant against bug
As with plants, poison regularly kills bugs in nature, be it made by humans to kill pests or by spiders to paralyze their prey. The fact that poison was super effective against bug in gen I further supports this.
>weak to psychic
Psychic types, with their manipulation powers can easily overpower the poisonous attacks, that usually require physical contact, same as fighting types. They can control the poison through their Psy powers and easily manipulate it inside their foe and also inside their own organism, preventing damage.
>weak to ground
You can't poison dirt. If you drop poison in the ground it will be absorbed and dilluted, damaging only the plants that are on it. The ground is unaffected and as so, have an advantage over taking down the poisonous types, that usually require close quarter combat to poison their foes. A pile of dirt and mud supresses the poison.