>>306113301) They are transported somewhere else, like shown in the anime. The existence of Poke Pelago confirms that.
2) Fly/Surf can barely move a Trainer.
3) They get to fight stronger Pokemon, it's safer than being in the wild where other Pokemon can eat you, and they obey because they respect the Trainer. Silver was edgy, but he was never shown mistreating his Pokemon.
4) Because not everyone does? Most of the kids still live normal lives. It's just a few, who are strong, that travel alone. See the trio from BW. They didn't start their journey until they were 16.
5) Because the Legendaries allow them to. There's no time in any game where you can catch an important Legendary against its wishes.
6) Their parents support them as kids, they get jobs as adults. For some, even battle money is enough. There's also the money they get from Gym Battles. It's not going to make you rich unless you're a prodigy who never loses, but it can help you not starve.
7) Other company exist. We've only seen a few of them.
8) The existence of Interpol proves there is some sort of government system, but it's never been explored enough.
9) Game mechanic.
10) They go back to where they came from?
11) The Poke Ball becomes unusable. Presumably, the Pokemon either gets sent to the PC, or can't enter the Ball anymore. As for why do Balls with higher catch rate exist, it's because they work. A Trainer needs to earn the Pokemon's respect. Using a Master Ball should prove that he isn't a total noob. From a Pokemon's perspective, the stronger the ball, the stronger the trainer.
12) Because it's a game and they haven't give it a pre-evolution yet.
13) They do, though. Just because they don't have all of them running around doesn't mean they don't. And instead of assuming the buildings are weak, I would say the attack was too strong.