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You can do a National Pokédex challenge too. With just one cartridge and no trading, events, or backwards compatibility, you can get 358/493 Pokémon.
You'd be missing
>Unselected starters - 6
>Most trade evolutions (Alakazam, Machamp, Golem, Gengar, Politoed, Slowking, Scizor, Kingdra, Porygon2, Huntail, Gorebyss, Rhyperior, Electivire, Magmortar, Porygon-Z, Dusknoir) - 16
>Previous starters - 27
>Previous Legendaries/Mythicals - 21
>Gen IV Mythicals (Phione, Manaphy, Darkrai, Shaymin, Arceus) - 5
>Other Pal Park-related Pokémon (Tangela/Tangrowth, Tropius, and Regigigas) - 4
>Dual-slot mode (Caterpie/Metapod/Butterfree, Weedle/Kakuna/Beedrill, Ekans/Arbok, Sandshrew/Sandslash, Vulpix/Ninetales, Growlithe/Arcanine, Elekid/Electabuzz, Magby/Magmar, Teddiursa/Ursaring, Pineco/Forretress, Gligar/Gliscor, Shuckle, Lotad/Lombre/Ludicolo, Seedot/Nuzleaf/Shiftry, Sableye, Mawile, Zangoose, Seviper, Solrock, Lunatone) - 37
>Diamond version-exclusives (Seel/Dewgong, Scyther, Murkrow/Honchkrow, Poochyena/Mightyena, Larvitar/Pupitar/Tyranitar, Aron/Lairon/Aggron, Kecleon, Cranidos/Rampardos, Stunky/Skuntank, Dialga) - 19
OR
>Pearl version-exclusives (Slowpoke/Slowking, Pinsir, Houndour/Houndoom, Stantler, Spheal/Sealeo/Walrein, Bagon/Shelgon/Salamence, Shieldon/Bastiodon, Misdreavus/Mismagius, Glameow/Purugly, Palkia) - 19
But if you can trade and do the DNS exploit for events, that will get you up to 402, and being able to do dual-slot mode will get you to 441 without Pal Park. But if you can't do dual-slot mode but add Platinum, that brings you up to 420 (Tangela/Tangrowth, Elekid/Electabuzz/Electivire, Magby/Magmar/Magmortar, Articuno, Zapdos, Moltres, Gligar/Gliscor, Tropius, Regirock, Regice, Registeel, Regigigas).