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There's to aspects to understand.
Vtuber and audience.
Vtuber's rely on their design as their first impression, but reaching that point depends on stuff like their marketing, their company, their social networking, etc.
The design itself plays a big role, it needs to be attractive catchy fun and unique and it will influence what niche they can appeal to, ideally a vtuber matches their design well too.
If they ever go trending they can capitalize on that for momentum but they need to trend first. Often this can be accidental, like a funny clip going viral.
Stuff like their voice is also a huge plus, it's not as superficial as their looks but it's the second thing people will notice.
Besides that their skill in games, their chat interaction, their ability to socialize all play a role in making their content engaging and making people come back for more. Some vtubers are good at games, some are creative, some are just good at conversation, all of it is engagement.
The other aspect are the viewers and this ties to demographics and timing.
Debuts are when new viewers tune in to check out, that's why vtubers who fuck up after their debuts have a harder time making up for it.
It's also why first mover advantage is huge, HoloEN had a massive start because there was no EN market, Luxien got a big start because there was no male vtuber pressence.
People often latch on to one or few vtubers as "oshis" and they become attached to them.
Successful vtubers capitalize on a demographic and gain an audience that way.
In companies specially different members often benefit from splitting the demographics and appealing to different niches.
So what makes a vtuber successful?
It's a mix of stuff outside their own traits as entertainers, their designs, their company and pure luck.
They need something to give them momentum, but they won't be able to keep it up if they don't actually offer their audience something entertaining in the long term.
For example gura trended with "a" but she managed to ride that momentum because she's genuinely funny too.
So both are important factors to success.
